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Over the past few years, such policies have inherently been relaxed due to the liberalization of the RMB and the inclusion of the RMB in the basket of currencies which make up the IMF’s Special Drawing Right (“SDR”). Ultimately, such developments are expected to contribute to the goal of achieving global reserve currency status vis-a-vis the RMB.
Whilst the liberalization of the RMB is a long term objective, short to medium term volatility in the global currency markets has placed the RMB under pressure and has resulted in a sharp depreciation versus other major global currencies. The continued interest from Chinese corporates to acquire overseas assets has further exacerbated a weakening RMB given the need for RMB capital outflows to finance such transactions. As such, the Chinese government have recently introduced a number of new measures designed to curb the level of capital outflows, including:
The new policies are, in part, designed to prevent malicious capital transactions (i.e. moving RMB offshore to protect from further currency devaluation) and to curb the outflow transactions under certain risky areas. Specifically, the administrative authorities have tightened the supervision of investment made to offshore sectors including real estate, lodging, cinemas, entertainment, and professional sport clubs. In addition, the following types of transactions will attract closer scrutiny from the authorities:
In light of the above, we would recommend Chinese corporates to make prudent investment decisions especially when investing in high risk offshore sectors or adopting risky investment arrangements as mentioned above.
During the announcement of the new rules, the Chinese government has also restated its principle to encourage authentic and compliant outbound investment and will adhere to its “going out” strategy and “one belt one road” initiative. Therefore, our view is that the recent regulations tightening capital outflows will only temporarily impact outbound investments. From a long term standpoint, such restrictions are expected be relaxed once the currency has stabilized and the foreign currency reserve is managed at a healthy level. It is also worth noting that for those Chinese corporates that have already started their outbound investments, they could also utilize their offshore funds for re-investment to mitigate against such new restrictions.
Finally, despite the new foreign exchange measures bringing more restrictions and administrative burden to outbound investments, the trend of outbound investment is expected to increase as the Chinese economies continues its transformation from a low cost manufacturing country to a value add, high tech manufacturing and domestic consumption orientated economy.
As the current Chinese economy has limited domestic investment channels outside of real estate, more and more Chinese capital is expected to be invested in offshore assets. This is consistent with the current trend – according to the PRC Ministry of Commerce, China’s non-financial outbound direct investment (ODI) is likely to reach USD170.11 billion in 2016, which represents an increase of 44.1% compared to 2015. In contrast, foreign direct investment (FDI) into China will total RMB813.22 billion, which is a 4.1% from 2015.
Source:
http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ag/201701/20170102501364.shtml
http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ag/201701/20170102501364.shtml
RISING TIDES: CONTINUED GROWTH IN FINANCIAL SERVICES M&A ACTIVITy
In the years following the financial crisis, the U.S. financial services industry has weathered a myriad of economic and regulatory challenges which negatively impacted performance, constricted liquidity and hampered deal activity. With continued economic improvement, technology enabling differentiation, and strengthening fundamentals across the financial services sector, deal activity has seen a continued upward trajectory through the end of 2015. In fact, financial services M&A activity reached its highest peak in 2015 compared to any point over the last 10 years.
KEY 2015 M&A TRENDS
There were a total of 1,267 financial services deals in 2015, with an announced deal value of $264 billion. The number of deals with a value over $1 billion (i.e., “mega-deals”) also reached a peak in 2015, with 35 deals representing $233 billion or 88% of total announced deal value.
• Although there has been a marked increase in the pace of banking deals since the financial crisis, (excluding government-assisted transactions), recent deal activity remains somewhat flat. There were 285 deals in 2015 representing $27 billion of announced deal value. While five mega-deals accounted for $14 billion or 54% of announced deal value, the majority of transactions related to consolidation amongst banks with less than $1 billion in assets.
• There were 331 deals in 2015 in the other (non-bank) financial services sector, with an announced deal value of $91 billion. This includes a record 19 mega-deals representing $79 billion or 87% of the total announced deal value. Financial technology and specialty finance transactions dominated this segment, representing a total of 259 deals and 86% of the total announced deal value in 2015. Pervasive and continued advancements in technology will drive substantial growth in financial technology deals, spanning the financial services spectrum. Expect sustained mid- to high-teen deal multiples for innovative firms with a proven track record of high quality growth.
• Insurance represented the most active financial services subsector, with 521 transactions representing an announced deal value of $143 billion. While 451 insurance brokerage deals represented 87% of insurance deal volume, they only accounted for around 2% or $3 billion of announced deal value. Insurance underwriter acquisitions by strategic acquirers accounted for the lion’s share of announced deal value.
• Asset management deal activity remains robust, with 130 deals in 2015, compared to 91 deals in the prior year. Average deal values for announced asset management deals, excluding mega-deals, appears to have declined from $108 million to $88 million over the same period. While deal activity remains strong, the decline in pricing likely reflects the impact of recent financial market volatility on valuations, narrowing the bid-ask spread between buyers and sellers.
Focused growth: A bigger role for private equity
Although private equity deal activity has tripled since its low point in 2009, financial services M&A remains dominated by corporate buyers. Corporates represented 1,169 deals with a disclosed deal value of $252 billion, compared to private equity investors, which represented 98 deals with a disclosed deal value of $12 billion. While corporates will likely continue to dominate larger, balance sheet-heavy deals in more-highly regulated subsectors, private equity firms will play an increasingly dominant role in deals involving commercial lenders, specialty finance companies, financial technology firms, insurance brokerage firms, and asset / wealth managers.
Of the 98 private equity deals announced in 2015, 48 related to insurance brokerage, 16 related to financial technology and six related to specialty finance transactions. These three subsectors accounted for over 71% of all private equity-backed deals in 2015. We believe these three subsectors will continue to represent the most significant areas for investment by private equity firms.
DISRUPTION AND EVOLUTION: KEY TRENDS TO WATCH
Continued improvement in the U.S. economy, characterized by sustained GDP growth, declining unemployment, historically low interest rates, lower energy prices and growing consumer confidence, gave buyers and sellers the confidence to push forward with deals in 2015. While recent financial market volatility and global economic concerns have tempered growth expectations in the near-term, we believe the pace of financial services deal activity will persist.
We believe the following key trends and themes will drive M&A activity across the financial services sector over the coming years:
• The impact of technology is pervasive, from the use of big data to understand customer behavior and improve underwriting, to driving new customer and asset acquisition. Growth in emerging collaborative technologies such as blockchain are already impacting recordkeeping and transaction processing capabilities across the financial services sector. Continuous disruption and disintermediation by technology-enabled market entrants will spur innovation and deal activity.
• Regulators will continue to play an integral role in the banking, insurance and consumer finance subsectors, intensifying their interactions with incumbents and new entrants. While uncertainty over the extent and nature of regulatory oversight remains, savvy investors will look through the regulatory white noise and seek to execute deals rather than wait on the sidelines for future clarity.
• The largest financial institutions will continue to divest non-core businesses while competing aggressively with new entrants for growth; expect growth in deal activity as incumbents seek to use their considerable capital to acquire knowledge and market share.
• Innovation and investment will be drawn towards business models that are scalable, highly data intensive and capital light.
• The proliferation of financial services offerings for the nonprime and underbanked segments will continue. Technology will increasingly enable more efficient and effective underwriting, streamlined processing and servicing, and disintermediation across the sector.
• Scale from consolidation will become critical for an increasingly commoditized financial services sector; growth from the realization of cost synergies and footprint / product expansion will continue to spur deal activity.
• Challenging organic growth opportunities and a historically low interest rate environment means new asset generation remains difficult. The inevitable, albeit measured increase in interest rates, will enhance lender profitability, increasing their attractiveness to investors.
• While historically less prevalent compared to other industries, expect activist investors to play an increasingly active role in driving M&A activity across the financial services spectrum.
CLOSING THOUGHTS
The pivotal role of technology is giving rise to structural changes across the financial services sector. As the industry adapts and evolves, M&A activity will play a continued role in this growth story. Investors who understand the impact of key risks and drivers of deal value at the most granular level will be in a position to execute the most successful transactions. A robust and deeply analytical diligence process by sellers and buyers will be of critical importance to ensure that contingencies, synergies and risks are identified and quantified before the consummation of a potential transaction.
Source: Alvarez & Marsal – http://bit.ly/1Q4XBkK
RISING TIDES: CONTINUED GROWTH IN FINANCIAL SERVICES M&A ACTIVITy
In the years following the financial crisis, the U.S. financial services industry has weathered a myriad of economic and regulatory challenges which negatively impacted performance, constricted liquidity and hampered deal activity. With continued economic improvement, technology enabling differentiation, and strengthening fundamentals across the financial services sector, deal activity has seen a continued upward trajectory through the end of 2015. In fact, financial services M&A activity reached its highest peak in 2015 compared to any point over the last 10 years.
KEY 2015 M&A TRENDS
There were a total of 1,267 financial services deals in 2015, with an announced deal value of $264 billion. The number of deals with a value over $1 billion (i.e., “mega-deals”) also reached a peak in 2015, with 35 deals representing $233 billion or 88% of total announced deal value.
• Although there has been a marked increase in the pace of banking deals since the financial crisis, (excluding government-assisted transactions), recent deal activity remains somewhat flat. There were 285 deals in 2015 representing $27 billion of announced deal value. While five mega-deals accounted for $14 billion or 54% of announced deal value, the majority of transactions related to consolidation amongst banks with less than $1 billion in assets.
• There were 331 deals in 2015 in the other (non-bank) financial services sector, with an announced deal value of $91 billion. This includes a record 19 mega-deals representing $79 billion or 87% of the total announced deal value. Financial technology and specialty finance transactions dominated this segment, representing a total of 259 deals and 86% of the total announced deal value in 2015. Pervasive and continued advancements in technology will drive substantial growth in financial technology deals, spanning the financial services spectrum. Expect sustained mid- to high-teen deal multiples for innovative firms with a proven track record of high quality growth.
• Insurance represented the most active financial services subsector, with 521 transactions representing an announced deal value of $143 billion. While 451 insurance brokerage deals represented 87% of insurance deal volume, they only accounted for around 2% or $3 billion of announced deal value. Insurance underwriter acquisitions by strategic acquirers accounted for the lion’s share of announced deal value.
• Asset management deal activity remains robust, with 130 deals in 2015, compared to 91 deals in the prior year. Average deal values for announced asset management deals, excluding mega-deals, appears to have declined from $108 million to $88 million over the same period. While deal activity remains strong, the decline in pricing likely reflects the impact of recent financial market volatility on valuations, narrowing the bid-ask spread between buyers and sellers.
Focused growth: A bigger role for private equity
Although private equity deal activity has tripled since its low point in 2009, financial services M&A remains dominated by corporate buyers. Corporates represented 1,169 deals with a disclosed deal value of $252 billion, compared to private equity investors, which represented 98 deals with a disclosed deal value of $12 billion. While corporates will likely continue to dominate larger, balance sheet-heavy deals in more-highly regulated subsectors, private equity firms will play an increasingly dominant role in deals involving commercial lenders, specialty finance companies, financial technology firms, insurance brokerage firms, and asset / wealth managers.
Of the 98 private equity deals announced in 2015, 48 related to insurance brokerage, 16 related to financial technology and six related to specialty finance transactions. These three subsectors accounted for over 71% of all private equity-backed deals in 2015. We believe these three subsectors will continue to represent the most significant areas for investment by private equity firms.
DISRUPTION AND EVOLUTION: KEY TRENDS TO WATCH
Continued improvement in the U.S. economy, characterized by sustained GDP growth, declining unemployment, historically low interest rates, lower energy prices and growing consumer confidence, gave buyers and sellers the confidence to push forward with deals in 2015. While recent financial market volatility and global economic concerns have tempered growth expectations in the near-term, we believe the pace of financial services deal activity will persist.
We believe the following key trends and themes will drive M&A activity across the financial services sector over the coming years:
• The impact of technology is pervasive, from the use of big data to understand customer behavior and improve underwriting, to driving new customer and asset acquisition. Growth in emerging collaborative technologies such as blockchain are already impacting recordkeeping and transaction processing capabilities across the financial services sector. Continuous disruption and disintermediation by technology-enabled market entrants will spur innovation and deal activity.
• Regulators will continue to play an integral role in the banking, insurance and consumer finance subsectors, intensifying their interactions with incumbents and new entrants. While uncertainty over the extent and nature of regulatory oversight remains, savvy investors will look through the regulatory white noise and seek to execute deals rather than wait on the sidelines for future clarity.
• The largest financial institutions will continue to divest non-core businesses while competing aggressively with new entrants for growth; expect growth in deal activity as incumbents seek to use their considerable capital to acquire knowledge and market share.
• Innovation and investment will be drawn towards business models that are scalable, highly data intensive and capital light.
• The proliferation of financial services offerings for the nonprime and underbanked segments will continue. Technology will increasingly enable more efficient and effective underwriting, streamlined processing and servicing, and disintermediation across the sector.
• Scale from consolidation will become critical for an increasingly commoditized financial services sector; growth from the realization of cost synergies and footprint / product expansion will continue to spur deal activity.
• Challenging organic growth opportunities and a historically low interest rate environment means new asset generation remains difficult. The inevitable, albeit measured increase in interest rates, will enhance lender profitability, increasing their attractiveness to investors.
• While historically less prevalent compared to other industries, expect activist investors to play an increasingly active role in driving M&A activity across the financial services spectrum.
CLOSING THOUGHTS
The pivotal role of technology is giving rise to structural changes across the financial services sector. As the industry adapts and evolves, M&A activity will play a continued role in this growth story. Investors who understand the impact of key risks and drivers of deal value at the most granular level will be in a position to execute the most successful transactions. A robust and deeply analytical diligence process by sellers and buyers will be of critical importance to ensure that contingencies, synergies and risks are identified and quantified before the consummation of a potential transaction.
Source: Alvarez & Marsal – http://bit.ly/1Q4XBkK
The health care industry’s last 10 years have been characterized by dynamic and paradigm-shifting changes, and yet, in some ways, many of the healthcare industry’s key sectors look and feel the same they always have. Ten years ago, the universe of health care financial investors largely included those that had invested significant efforts to understand the complexities associated with providers and related reimbursement risks. As such, within the provider care sector, these private equity investors tended to compete with strategic buyers for opportunities to buy and build multi-location provider care business in both acute and post-acute care settings. Despite some cyclical reimbursement influences, these business models, and the related M&A activity, are generally the same 10 years later.
However, in the last 10 years, the counter-cyclical nature of health care and its ever-increasing contribution to the United States Gross Domestic Product has drawn many financial sponsors to an industry others previously viewed as too risky due to regulation and complexity. More importantly, the numerous changes influencing the industry have prompted private equity recognition of investment opportunities. In the last five years, the deal landscape has seen the dramatic influences of healthcare reform with The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, increased regulatory scrutiny, continued shift to outpatient settings of care, a rush to physician employment, healthcare consumerism and sector-specific reimbursement cuts and payment model changes. As a result, we witnessed robust and unparalleled M&A activity during the last decade.
The influences driving industry change created new business models and, thus, new opportunities for investment. We’ve seen private equity investment in companies poised to bend the cost curve or capitalize on evolving and uncertain payment models (e.g., bundling, pay for performance, etc.). These emerging business models are both broad and deep – examples include (i) companies founded to manage post-acute care delivery to patients in evolving bundled payment models and (ii) technology-based concerns that optimize care coordination and reduce unnecessary utilization. Simply, the innovation and entrepreneurialism underpinning business models that didn’t exist ten years ago significantly grew the number of financial sponsors investing in the industry.
The next five years promise similar opportunities (and challenges), as we’re on the precipice of evaluating the impact of a number of key industry changes, including the impact of value-based payment models, accountable care organizations, etc.. With the American demographic as it is, healthcare – the provision of and payment for healthcare services, industry innovation, capital market influences and the like – will continue to drive tremendous investment opportunities underpinning M&A growth.
The energy industry in the United States changed dramatically over the past 10 years. Innovation and regulation both played significant roles. During this period, oil and gas producers employed technological advancements to access unconventional resources that were previously uneconomical. Developing these resources resulted in substantial production growth. At the same time, the government increasingly regulated the industry, with notable impacts to offshore production and power generation.
Ten years ago, coal fueled about half of the electricity generated in the United States and was expected to grow. The development of unconventional resources was in its infancy. Oil production was about five million barrels per day. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminals were being developed to meet future natural gas demand. The United States expected to be a net importer of energy for the foreseeable future.
Today, coal fuels about one-third of electricity generation and is still losing share. Natural gas and renewables are replacing coal due to economic and regulatory factors. Domestic producers are oversupplying natural gas, and oil production is now about nine million barrels per day. LNG export terminals are being developed. The United States has the ability to be a net exporter of energy in the foreseeable future.
The Alvarez & Marsal Transaction Advisory Group helps clients mitigate risk and maximize value in this rapidly changing landscape. Before the recent downturn, high oil prices allowed suboptimal operations to prosper. Going forward, investors need to increase focus on differentiation and management. Outperforming businesses will exploit technology and know-how to provide value. Management teams with experience navigating various commodity price environments will lead these firms. With the right capital structure, these companies will not only survive downturns, but capture share in advance of the next upturn.
Completing a Sell-Side Due Diligence exercise prior to commencing a transaction process was once unheard of domestically. However, this has quickly become the norm rather than the exception. According to Hiter Harris, Managing Director and Co-Founder of Harris Williams, “Seller commissioned QofE reports have been routine in Europe for years but now are gaining frequency in the U.S.”
Sell-Side Due Diligence involves the preparation of a Company’s financial accounting, tax, human capital, and operational “story.” The processes and skills used by third party professionals when performing Sell-Side Due Diligence are very similar to those used during Buy-Side Due Diligence. However, a key difference is the benefit of time to prepare and full cooperation from company management, resulting in a more thorough and accurate assessment of the company being sold.
Areas of assessment include the quality of a company’s earnings, working capital requirements, tax structuring considerations, as well as human capital and operational considerations. The outcome of these procedures is often shared with prospective bidders and lenders. In other instances, the findings are used by the company as a tool to understand itself through the lens of prospective bidders and as a dry-run for the upcoming process.
Sell-Side Due Diligence has become accepted in the market because it benefits all participants in a transaction. From the seller’s perspective, it is a key tool in maximizing exit value and proactively getting in front of potential pitfalls. From the investment banker’s perspective, it is a driver for speed and process efficiency. For bidders, it is a chance to understand the prospective investment without investing an extraordinary amount of effort and expense. Bidders still ultimately perform their own diligence and engage their own third party professionals. However, when Sell-Side Due Diligence is performed correctly buyer’s diligence often becomes a confirmatory rather than exploratory exercise. Harris further comments, “It’s smart to take time to do this in many cases. Preparation is always a benefit.”
Sell-Side Due Diligence has been an important part of A&M’s growth. During FY15, the volume of sell-side projects completed by A&M increased by 135% over the prior year. A&M’s growth in this area has not only been domestic. A&M’s Transaction Advisory Group is global. Its Europe, Asia, Latin America and India due diligence teams have experienced increased demand for Vendor Due Diligence (VDD) services. Those teams have extensive experience in providing Vendor Due Diligence services and thoroughly understand the VDD process.
Planning a public exit? No problem. A&M’s Capital Markets and Accounting Advisory team can help. An early assessment of the company’s ability to operate as a public company will ensure that it is prepared to launch when the timing is right. Unrestricted by audit-based conflicts, our team provides dedicated, hands-on resources throughout the IPO process – working with management, its auditors and attorneys to ensure quality, timely results.
A&M’s Keys to Success are its focus on quality, senior-level involvement, speed, and flexibility in approach. Following a successful exit process, A&M is regularly sought out for new exit opportunities by bidders and intermediaries who witnessed and experienced A&M’s approach. Time and time again, the quality and consistency of the team, speed and efficiency of the process, and overall, lack of subsequent surprises is what has made A&M a global leader in the space.
In the last 10 years, the software & technology space has grown on its own in the pure play tech space, as well as for companies in regulated sectors where hi-tech solutions are addressing rapid change – particularly in health care information technology (HCIT), financial services technology (Fintech), and security.
Healthcare-related software companies in particular have driven substantial growth in the space. This was driven in part by the demands of adhering to new regulations, especially those instituted as a result of the Affordable Care Act. In addition, HC insurance companies have been slow to adopt technologies to improve efficiencies. Pushed in part by the ACA regulations, large insurers are buying up software companies to quickly ramp up to 21st century technological solutions.
Financial technology companies – have transformed how B-to-B and B-to-C transactions take place. Think Apple Pay, Square and Pay Pal. In the last several years, the demand for “payment processes” has driven phenomenal growth. Business and consumers want to transact securely online.
Furthermore, the need to mitigate the risk of being hacked, in light of several high profile global security breaches at companies around the globe, has led to an increased investment in tech security companies. In particular, companies offering “endpoint and perimeter cybersecurity solutions– solutions that seek to prevent attacks at the point of network access – are numerous. Consolidation of these companies offers a ripe opportunity for tech investors (“Deal Drivers Americas 2015”, Merger Market, 2015).
In today’s ever-competitive environment with multi-round auctions and accelerated timeframes, it has become increasingly more critical to have the right industry expertise. Our dedicated team of seasoned S&T professionals collectively looks at over 100 software and technology companies each year. With our extensive experience and know-how, we can quickly analyze key value drivers and help you assess and validate your investment thesis early in the process.
In the last 10 years, the software & technology space has grown on its own in the pure play tech space, as well as for companies in regulated sectors where hi-tech solutions are addressing rapid change – particularly in health care information technology (HCIT), financial services technology (Fintech), and security.
Healthcare-related software companies in particular have driven substantial growth in the space. This was driven in part by the demands of adhering to new regulations, especially those instituted as a result of the Affordable Care Act. In addition, HC insurance companies have been slow to adopt technologies to improve efficiencies. Pushed in part by the ACA regulations, large insurers are buying up software companies to quickly ramp up to 21st century technological solutions.
Financial technology companies – have transformed how B-to-B and B-to-C transactions take place. Think Apple Pay, Square and Pay Pal. In the last several years, the demand for “payment processes” has driven phenomenal growth. Business and consumers want to transact securely online.
Furthermore, the need to mitigate the risk of being hacked, in light of several high profile global security breaches at companies around the globe, has led to an increased investment in tech security companies. In particular, companies offering “endpoint and perimeter cybersecurity solutions– solutions that seek to prevent attacks at the point of network access – are numerous. Consolidation of these companies offers a ripe opportunity for tech investors (“Deal Drivers Americas 2015”, Merger Market, 2015).
In today’s ever-competitive environment with multi-round auctions and accelerated timeframes, it has become increasingly more critical to have the right industry expertise. Our dedicated team of seasoned S&T professionals collectively looks at over 100 software and technology companies each year. With our extensive experience and know-how, we can quickly analyze key value drivers and help you assess and validate your investment thesis early in the process.
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In 2016, Alvarez & Marsal’s Transaction Advisory Group celebrates 10 years of service to the private equity community. In that 10 year time period, the M&A market has presented both tremendous opportunities and tremendous challenges. Consider this: in the last 10 years, we have seen some of the lowest deal volume in the period, with 9,870 deals completed in 2009, to the highest with 17,500 deals completed in 2014 – or a peak to trough spread of over 75%.
However, what is also borne out by the numbers is this: the amount of money to invest – “or dry powder” – has been on an overall ride up to record highs in the last 10 years: from $404 billion to $1,343 billion in 2015. That is an increase of approximately 230% over a 10 year period. Today there is significant capital to be put to work, and significant work to be done getting portfolio companies ready for sale.
When Alvarez & Marsal launched its Transaction Advisory Group in 2006, it was based on the belief that the firm was uniquely positioned to navigate these volatile global market conditions. Our business has indeed been built on the concept of “counter-cyclicality”. We have created a global, integrated suite of services that delivers value to our clients throughout the volatility of the M&A market these last 10 years. As potential market disruptions continue– election cycles, geo-political issues, and new technologies that can change business models overnight – the A&M Transaction Advisory Group is well equipped to meet the ever changing needs of private equity investors.
As we look back over the last 10 years since the inception of the Global Transaction Advisory Group at Alvarez & Marsal, there has been both an evolution and maturation in the private equity investment model during the period. In the more mature markets such as North America and Western Europe, this has largely resulted from the worldwide financial crisis of 2008; the shifting dynamics of emerging markets in such places as Latin America, India and China significantly influenced private equity investing in those regions as well.
Prior to the financial crisis of 2008, with soaring stock markets and real estate values, the availability of cheap debt to finance deals and generally less competition, private equity investing in North America and Western Europe was a game of buy low, sell high and improve returns largely though financial engineering. However, post-financial crisis the game has changed dramatically – with private equity buyers facing intense pressure to deploy capital resulting from a massive capital overhang along with an extended low interest rate environment – these factors have driven up valuations tremendously. Today, in order to create alpha, private equity investors in these regions are required to buy high and sell even higher – creating value and hence returns by enhancing their investments through operational performance improvement initiatives.
The emerging markets of Latin America, India and China have been influenced by different variables. At the beginning of the historical 10 year period, private equity investing in these regions relied heavily upon riding minority investments to exit through the ever-rising public markets (IPO). However, over the last few years, with these regions being impacted by currency devaluations and political instability, public markets have crashed closing the IPO window indefinitely. These factors, when combined with an increasing level of competition as more private equity investors expand globally in search of lower valuations, have caused the investment model to mature into that more like North American and Western Europe. Accordingly, private equity investors are demanding control investments in these regions whereby they can effectuate positive changes to their investments again largely through the use of operational performance improvement initiatives.
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Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.
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Welcome to WordPress. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start blogging!
